Others have theorized it as the realization of a socialist utopia ( Moses Hess), as a need for survival in the face of social prejudices by the affirmation of self-determination ( Leon Pinsker), as the fulfillment of individual rights and freedoms ( Max Nordau) or as the foundation of a Hebrew humanism ( Martin Buber). Unlike Theodor Herzl, the founder of political Zionism, Ahad Ha'am strived for Israel to be "a Jewish state and not merely a state of Jews".
The Lovers of Zion united in 1884 and in 1897 the first Zionist congress was organized.Ī variety of Zionism, called cultural Zionism, founded and represented most prominently by Ahad Ha'am, fostered a secular vision of a Jewish "spiritual center" in Israel. In a unique variation of the principle of self-determination, it viewed this process as an ' ingathering of exiles' ( kibbutz galuyot) whereby Jews everywhere would have the right to emigrate to historical Palestine, as a haven from persecution, an area which Moses in the Bible stated was the land of their forefathers. From 1897 to 1948, the primary goal was to establish the basis for a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and thereafter to consolidate it. Zionist ideology consisted in a negation of Jewish life in the Diaspora. Soon after this, most leaders of the movement associated the main goal with creating the desired homeland in Palestine, then an area controlled by the Ottoman Empire. Modern Zionism emerged in the late 19th century in Central and Eastern Europe as a national revival movement, both in reaction to newer waves of antisemitism and as a response to Haskalah, or Jewish Enlightenment. Zionism ( Hebrew: צִיּוֹנוּת Tsiyyonut after Zion) is a nationalist movement that espouses the establishment of, and support for a homeland for the Jewish people centered in the area roughly corresponding to the Land of Israel, the region of Palestine, Canaan, or the Holy Land, on the basis of a long Jewish connection and attachment to that land. In his 1896 pamphlet Der Judenstaat, he envisioned the founding of a future independent Jewish state during the 20th century. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1988.Theodor Herzl was the founder of the Modern Zionist movement. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Revised. Leicester, England Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1996. Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1993. Holman Book of Biblical Charts, Maps, and Reconstructions. This chart was compiled from the following sources. Mentioned in John 10:22.Įstablished by Mordecai, commemorates the deliverance of the Jewish people in the days of Esther. Kislev (Nov./Dec.): 25–30 and Tebeth (Dec/Jan.): 1–2Ĭommemorates the purification of the temple by Judas Maccabaeus in 164/167 B.C. Lasts seven days, commemorates the forty years of wilderness wandering where the people dwelt in booths made of branches and boughs of trees. It is only observed once a year (Ex 30:10). On this day the high priest makes atonement for the nation’s sin. Marked by offering of sacrifices.ĭay of the blowing of the trumpets to signal the beginning of the civil new year. Includes a Day of Firstfruits for the wheat harvest. Sivan (May/June): 6 (seven weeks after Passover)Ĭommemorates the giving of the law at Mount Sinai. For 7 days unleavened bread was eaten.įor acknowledging the fertility of the land that God gave the Israelites. Includes a Day of Firstfruits for the barley harvest.
Following is a chart compiled from several resources that list them out:Ĭommemorates God’s deliverance of Israel out of Egypt.Ĭommemorates God’s deliverance of Israel out of Egypt. There are many Jewish feasts and festivals.